Is Camphor safe for dogs and cats?

Camphor (1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one) is a bicyclic monoterpenoid present in camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and used in topical analgesics (e.g., Vicks VapoRub, Tiger Balm, BenGay), mothball alternatives, pest repellents, and traditional remedies. Dogs are primarily exposed through licking or ingesting camphor-containing topical preparations applied to human skin, chewing camphor balls/blocks, or contacting camphor oil. Dogs absorb camphor efficiently through both oral and dermal routes. CNS toxicity is the primary concern in dogs: camphor stimulates the CNS, producing agitation, muscle tremors, seizures, and in severe cases respiratory depression. Clinical camphor toxicosis in dogs typically follows ingestion of topical formulations (ointments typically contain 4–11% camphor); the threshold for clinical effects is approximately 1–2 mg/kg, and seizures can occur at 5–10 mg/kg. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive; there is no specific antidote. Products containing camphor should be stored securely away from pets, and topical camphor preparations applied to humans should not be shared with or licked by dogs.

Cats share the CNS sensitivity to camphor seen in dogs and are additionally subject to reduced glucuronidation capacity, which impairs elimination of camphor metabolites. Cats are exposed primarily through grooming — if camphor-containing preparations are applied to a cat's skin or if the cat contacts surfaces where camphor products have been applied, the cat's grooming behavior delivers camphor orally. Camphor in mothball alternatives (camphor balls) presents a distinct hazard; a cat chewing a camphor ball can receive a substantial oral dose. Clinical signs in cats include hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors, and seizures at relatively low doses. The combination of efficient dermal absorption and impaired glucuronidation makes cats potentially more vulnerable to repeated low-level exposures than dogs. Camphor-containing mothballs, cedar oil products with camphor, and some traditional medicine products (tiger balm, red flower oil) are the primary sources of exposure in household settings.